Digital Inclusion and Human Resource Governance: A Bureaucratic Transformation Model for North Sumatra
Kata Kunci:
bureaucratic transformation model, digital inclusion, human resource governance, civil service, North Sumatra, innovative work behaviourAbstrak
This study developed and validated a Bureaucratic Transformation Model (BTM) for the digital era, examining how digital inclusion and government human resource governance (HRG) practices reshape public sector performance in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Using a mixed-methods developmental design, the study combined quantitative path analysis (n = 186 civil servants across eight Regional Government Work Units) with qualitative case studies of three agency-level digital transformation initiatives. The BTM comprises four dimensions: Digital Infrastructure Readiness, HRG Capability, Digital Inclusion Culture, and Transformative Performance Output. SEM-PLS results confirmed that digital inclusion culture significantly mediated the relationship between HRG capability and transformative performance (β = 0.63, p < .001, R² = 0.59). HRG capability directly predicted digital inclusion culture (β = 0.71, p < .001) and transformative performance (β = 0.54, p < .001). Qualitative case analyses identified innovative work behaviour and contextual performance as the primary behavioural mechanisms linking digital inclusion to institutional transformation. Three BTM implementation pathways—leadership-driven, peer-diffusion, and platform-mediated—were inductively identified. These findings contribute a theoretically grounded, empirically validated model for digital-era bureaucratic transformation with direct implications for civil service reform policy and regional government HRD strategy in Indonesia.
Unduhan
Referensi
Azzahra, N. S., & Yazid, M. A. (2024). The antecedent contextual performance with innovative work behavior as intervening variable: Study on educational staff at private universities in Medan City. Proceeding of Medan International Economics and Business, 2(1), 1072–1081.
Boxall, P., & Purcell, J. (2022). Strategy and human resource management (5th ed.). Bloomsbury Academic.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications.
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2022). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Fahmi, N. A., & Safrida. (2021). Performance of educational personnel which affected by the work environment, individual characteristics and ability as intervening. Archives of Business Research, 9(11), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.911.11317
Fullan, M., & Gallagher, M. J. (2022). The devil is in the details: System solutions for equity, excellence, and student well-being. Corwin Press.
Gilardi, S., Guglielmetti, C., Marsilio, M., & Sorrentino, M. (2023). Digital inclusion of vulnerable groups in public services: An organizational perspective. Public Management Review, 25(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2021.1947311
Guo, K., Zhong, Y., Li, D., & Huang, R. (2023). Effects of artificial intelligence-based automated writing evaluation on students' writing quality and engagement. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 78, 101267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2023.101267
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2022). When to use and how to report results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., & Koedinger, K. R. (2022). Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1
Khaira, I., Susilawati, E., & Harahap, E. S. (2023). Technology-enhanced instructional design for improving students' critical thinking skills. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10491827
Khaira, I., Susilawati, E., & Harahap, E. S. (2024). Transformasi digital di dunia pendidikan: Blended learning sebagai solusi pembelajaran fleksibel dan aktif. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10896820
Khaira, I., Susilawati, E., Renaldi, & Refli. (2021). Implementasi rancangan pembelajaran berbasis TPACK sebagai integrasi pembelajaran di era Society 5.0. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 14(2), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.24114/jtp.v14i2.25783
Lubis, H., Yusrita, Khaira, I., Sulaiman, O. K., Pratama, K., & Susilawati, E. (2024). Innovation in gender-based employee training virtual reality oriented to superior performance. International Journal of Religion, 5(11), 5920–5933. https://doi.org/10.61707/xnmc1f27
Mazzucato, M. (2021). Mission economy: A moonshot guide to changing capitalism. Allen Lane.
Mergel, I., Edelmann, N., & Haug, N. (2022). Defining digital transformation: Results from expert interviews. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4), 101385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.06.002
Nguyen, A., Ngo, H. N., Hong, Y., Dang, B., & Nguyen, B.-P. T. (2023). Ethical principles for artificial intelligence in education. Education and Information Technologies, 28(4), 4221–4241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11316-w
OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 results: Factsheets — Indonesia. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2022-results-indonesia
Putra, D. A., Safrida, S., Syah, A., Asmara, M. E., & Kirana, K. C. (2024). Peran organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), kompetensi and digital leadership terhadap kinerja karyawan. Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia, 9(5), 3027–3035. https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v9i5.15789
Riana, Z., Fahmi, N. A., Putra, I. A., Asmara, M. E., Susilawati, E., & Abdilah, M. (2025). The strategic role of digital branding in enhancing the market value of Kapulaga through the DEKEGO web platform. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(11), 940–951. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i11.4518
Riana, Z., Pane, S. G., & Yusrita. (2024). Optimizing tourism potential to improve regional economy in Langkat Regency. Regress: Journal of Economics and Management, 3(3), 187–192. https://doi.org/10.47766/regress.v3i3.1091
Safrida, S., Hasibuan, H. S., Marbun, J., Esadora, S., Tamebaha, A., & Sakban, A. (2025). Analysis of the impact of work stress, role clarity, and competence on employee performance at the North Sumatra DGT Regional Office. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 4(3), 1265–1278. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v4i3.11218
Safrida, S., Supriadi, S., Leman, D., Khaira, I., Syah, A., Susilawati, E., & Al Hakiki, A. (2025). Analysis of the use of the P3SPD platform to improve the digital management competency of female employees in the era of budget efficiency policies. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(8), 1914–1923. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i8.4188
Safrida, S., & Syah, A. (2024). The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on employee performance: Locus of control and self-efficacy. Qubahan Academic Journal, 4(1), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.48161/qaj.v4n1a434
Safrida, S., Tannady, H., Naim, M. R., Ariawan, J., & Arta, D. N. C. (2023). The influence of work motivation, job satisfaction and democratic leadership on teacher performance. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan, 11(2), 643–652. https://doi.org/10.47668/pkwu.v11i2.752
Safrida, S., Tannady, H., Solissa, E. M., Sapulete, H., & Al Haddar, G. (2023). Strategic leadership analysis of school principal to improve learning quality. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan, 11(2), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.47668/pkwu.v11i2.734
Safrida, S., Riana, Z., Syah, A., Prayogi, S. Y., Pratama, I., & Susilawati, E. (2024). Employee performance education transformation: Training innovation for women's resource development through digital platforms. International Journal of Religion, 5(10), 5776–5788. https://doi.org/10.61707/xnmc1f27
Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2021). The datafication of higher education: Discussing the promises and problems. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4), 527–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2019.1689388
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442–1465. https://doi.org/10.5465/256865
Supriadi. (2024a). Micro-retirement among Generation Z: A conceptual framework for understanding periodic career interruption as an alternative life-work integration strategy. Jurnal Fokus Manajemen, 4, 351–358.
Supriadi. (2024b). Task masking among Generation Z employees: A conceptual framework for understanding performative productivity in contemporary workplaces. Journal of Management, Economic, and Accounting, 3, 569–578.
Supriadi. (2024c). Remote work burnout and digital nomadism: A conceptual framework for understanding the paradox of location independence and psychological well-being. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Bisnis Digital (JAMBD), 3, 303–314.
Supriadi. (2025a). Connecting contextual performance to cultural openness, strategic management, and organizational climate through innovative work behavior: Evidence from private universities. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi, 9(4), 1680–1695.
Supriadi. (2025b). Pengaruh iklim organisasi terhadap kinerja kontekstual dengan perilaku inovatif sebagai variabel intervening. Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(6), 1914–1925.
Supriadi. (2025c). Pengaruh manajemen strategi dan perilaku kerja inovatif terhadap kinerja kontekstual pegawai perguruan tinggi swasta Medan. EKOMA: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen, Akuntansi, 4(6), 9491–9497.
Supriadi, S., & Mesra, B. (2023). The influence of competence on teacher performance moderated by school principal's leadership at Madrasah Tsanawiyah and Aliyah Alwasliyah Binjai City. Berajah Journal, 3(3), 561–572.
Supriadi, S., & Mukminin, A. (2024). The counterproductive cultural behaviors in Indonesian higher education. Ethiopian Renaissance Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 41–59.
Supriadi, S., Safrida, S., Isnaini, D. B. Y., Yusrita, Y., Riana, Z., & Fahmi, N. A. (2025). Analysis of circular supply chain management in technology industry to support circular economy. Proceeding of International Conference on Science and Technology UISU, 2, 209–214.
Supriadi, S., Tamba, S. P., & Purba, N. (2023). Pengaruh kompensasi dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan. Manajemen dan Bisnis, 5(1), 30–37.
Supriadi, T., Dalimunthe, R. F., & Lumbanraja, P. (2021). The antecedent of educational staff contextual performance in Medan City private universities. Archives of Business Research, 9(2), 316–338. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.92.9665
Susilawati, E., Adlina, Z., & Harahap, E. S. (2024). Kolaborasi perguruan tinggi dan pemerintah daerah dalam mewujudkan desa mandiri dan berkelanjutan. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18250986
Susilawati, E., & Khaira, I. (2021). Implementasi e-learning flipped classroom sebagai upaya peningkatan kemampuan mahasiswa. Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan (JTP), 14(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.24114/jtp.v14i1.22897
Susilawati, E., Khaira, I., & Pratama, I. (2021). Antecedents to student loyalty in Indonesian higher education institutions: The mediating role of technology innovation. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 21(3), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2021.3.003
Susilawati, E., Lubis, H., Kesuma, S., Pratama, I., & Khaira, I. (2023). Exploring the antecedents of student academic integrity: The impact of using digital technology ASES assessment models in learning. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 103, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2023.103.009
Susilawati, E., Kesuma, S., Leman, D., Yusrita, A., Fauzan, H., Habil, D., & Viona, D. (2025). The economic potential of using the AI-based ASES-EdTech platform to improve the professionalism of elementary school teachers in rural areas of Indonesia. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 9(11), 827–838. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v9i11.4491
Timming, A. R. (2021). The 'reach' of employee participation in decision-making: Exploring the fundamental tensions in organizational democracy. Human Resource Management Journal, 32(1), 121–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12383
van Dijk, J. A. G. M. (2020). The digital divide. Polity Press.
Vuorikari, R., Kluzer, S., & Punie, Y. (2022). DigComp 2.2: The digital competence framework for citizens. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/115376
Yusrita, Pasaribu, F., Muzakir, M., Pratama, K., & Yuliaty, T. (2022). Impact of the university creative management on the students enterprising performance. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 25(2), 234–246. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.25.2.15
Yusrita, Andika, Nugroho, J. P., & Hak, R. Z. (2024). Social media marketing dynamics and brand loyalty: A sequential mediation model in the Indonesian packaged drinking water industry. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 28(2), 172–192. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol28.iss2.art3
Zawacki-Richter, O., Marin, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2023). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2026 Proceedings of Annual Language, Literature and Culture International Conference
Artikel ini berlisensi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
